SHS2 Chemistry · Semester 2 Week 10: Bonding

Lesson notes

Learning Objectives

Indicator: 2.2.2.LI.2 - Explain hybridization and relate it to various structures.

By the end of the lesson, learners can:

Define hybridization as the mixing of atomic orbitals of different energy and shape to form new hybrid orbitals of equivalent energy and shape.
Explain the key characteristics of hybrid orbitals, including their equivalent energy, shape, and orientation in space.
Identify the type of hybridization (sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d², and dsp²) of the central atom in a given molecule based on its Lewis dot structure.
Use orbital diagram configurations to explain the formation of sp, sp², and sp³ hybrid orbitals in molecules such as CH₄, BeCl₂, and BCl₃.
Predict the shape and bond angles of molecules including CH₄, BeCl₂, BCl₃, NH₃, H₂O, PCl₅, SF₆, and [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻ based on the hybrid orbitals of the central atom.

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Curriculum details

Strand: Systematic Chemistry of the Elements (Strand 2)
Sub-strand: Bonding (2.2)
Content standard: 2.2.2.CS.1 - Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the role of modelling, evidence and theory in explaining the structure, bonding as well as properties of molecular compounds 2.2.2.LO.1 Describe the structure, chemical bonding and properties of molecular compounds.
Indicator: 2.2.2.LI.2 - Explain hybridization and relate it to various structures.
Suggested placement: Semester 2, Week 10 (Week 30 of the year)
Our suggestion, laid out in curriculum order across three terms of twelve weeks. NaCCA does not fix the week, so follow your school's scheme of learning.
Curriculum reference: NaCCA curriculum document, p. 81

Exemplars (from the NaCCA curriculum)

Collaborative Learning Approach:
- Engage in a teacher led discussion on hybridization as the mixing of atomic orbitals of different energy and shape to obtain a set of new orbitals of equivalent energy and shape.
- Explain the characteristics of hybrid orbitals.
Activity-Based Learning: Working in pairs, use molecular models to identify and explain the various types of hybridization (sp, sp , sp , sp d, sp d and dsp ) 2 3 3 3 2 2
Collaborative Learning: In small mixed ability groups,
- Identify and explain the relationship between the Lewis dot structures and hybrid orbitals
- Use the orbital diagram configuration to explain the formation of (sp, sp , sp , sp d, sp d 2 3 3 3 2 and dsp ) hybrid orbitals and model it with the molecular orbitals models. 2
- Predict shape and bond angles of molecules (CH , BeCl , BCl , NH , H O, PCl , SF , 4 2 3 3 2 5 6 − [Ni(CN) ] ) based on the hybrid orbitals of the central atom. 2 4
Home Task: Research through the Internet, books or other sources to:
- Describe and compare the structure and bonding in diamond and graphite using molecular models.
- Come out with the uses of diamond and graphite based on their structures.
- Describe structure and bonding of silicon (IV) oxide.
Teaching and Learning Materials:
- * Molecular models * Toothpick * Modelling clay * Ball and stick models
- * Coloured balloon * * Worksheets with orbital diagram * CHARTS Balloons of different colours * * Chart Coloured balloons * molecular
- Thread
- * Periodic table
- Ball and stick models
- containing diagrams of orbitals * Chart of the Lewis dot structures
Assessment (2.2.2.AS.2). The document marks these depth-of-knowledge levels for this indicator: Level 3 Strategic reasoning.